Lub nroog Greek yav dhau los ntawm lub nroog Pergamum, muaj npe hauv lub sijhawm qub, tsis tuaj yeem pom nyob rau ntawm daim duab qhia niaj hnub no: tam sim no nws yog lub nroog Turkish Bergama, uas nyob ntawm 26 km ntawm Aegean Hiav Txwv. Tab sis lub yeeb koob ntawm txheej txheem txheej txheej thaum ub tseem nyob ntau pua xyoo: ntawm no nyob rau xyoo II xyoo BC. uas txhim kho parchment tshwm sim uas dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm thawj cov phau ntawv ruaj khov.
Hauv Pergamum, cov khoom sau ntawv thaum ub no tau pib ua los ntawm cov tawv nqaij tshwj xeeb cov yaj, tshis thiab lwm yam tsiaj. Nws tau los ua kev xaiv quab yuam rau hom papyrus. Qhov laj thawj ntawm qhov kev xaiv tshiab yog qhov tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Egypt thiab Pergamum thiab qhov txwv tsis pub xa tawm ntawm cov txiv ntoo ntawm Iyiv papyrus los ntawm lub teb chaws: Pergamans tau npaj los qhib cov tsev qiv ntawv zoo tshaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, uas tuaj yeem sib tw nrog Alexandrian. Qhov xwm txheej ntawd tsis muaj kev cia siab, thiab kev tshawb nrhiav rau cov khoom siv tshiab yuam cov nroog cov kws tsim khoom siv los saib xyuas cov tawv nqaij ntawm cov tsiaj hauv tsev. Lawv ua kom zoo zoo, ntawm ob sab, txheej txheem calfkin kom txog thaum nws tau txais lub zog tshwj xeeb, yoog raws thiab xim dawb-daj. Lawv hu qhov tshiab ua txuj ci tseem ceeb hauv Greek parchment (Loos muab lwm lub npe hu ua - “daim nyias nyias.”) Thaum xub thawj, cov ntawv zoo li papyrus tau ua los ntawm parchment. Tom qab ntawd, cov hom ntawv ntawm cov phau ntawv, paub zoo rau tam sim no saib, tshwm sim los ntawm nyias cov ntawv tawv los txuas nrog los ntawm cov hlau nkhaus rau hauv thaiv. Nws tau txais lub npe "code". Kev tiv thaiv cov ntoo thaiv ntoo nrog cov tawv, uas tau txuas rau sab saud thiab hauv qab los tiv thaiv cov nplooj ntawv, tsis ntev dhau los ua qhov kev khi Lub parchment tshuab yuav tsum tau ntau ntawm ingenuity. Thaum pib, cov tsiaj ua tawv nqaij tshiab tau raug ntxuav, ntshav thiab av tau tawm ntawm lawv. Tom qab ntawd, li 3-10 hnub, lawv tau muab cov kua qaub los ntxuav - qhov no cov ntaub plaub tshem tawm tau yooj yim dua. Tom qab ntawd cov tawv nqaij tau rub ntawm cov ntawv ntoo, cov plaub hau thiab cov nqaij mos subcutaneous seem raug tshem tawm nrog rab riam nkhaus thiab txhuam. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov rog tshuav los ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog kev nqus ntawm nqus, chalk hmoov thiab tshwj xeeb calcium tebchaw raug xeb rau hauv parchment. Txhawm rau muab cov kav ua hmoov qhuav, pastes raws li mis nyuj, txiv qaub, thiab hmoov nplej tau siv. Lawv tau sau rau ntawm nplooj ntawv parchment nrog reed nrog lossis tus cwj mem kom ntse tshwj xeeb. Qhov xim ntawm parchment feem ntau yog lub teeb. Txawm li cas los xij, rau cov ntawv nyeem khoom kim heev, nws tau pleev xim rau hauv cov xim sib txawv, piv txwv, ntshav. Ntawm cov nplooj ntawv ntawd, cov kab tau kos rau hauv kub thiab nyiaj. Parchment cov lis dej num, parchment tau muaj rau ib-paus xyoo. Cov ntawv hauv xeev, cov kev cai lij choj thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov phau ntawv muaj nqi tau sau rau nws tsis yog tsuas yog nyob hauv Europe, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv Asia Me, Africa thiab lwm lub tebchaws. Nyob rau hauv XI-XII ib-paus xyoo hauv Russia lawv tseem tsis tau kawm paub yuav ua li cas ua lawv tus kheej parchment - lawv coj nws los ntawm Byzantium thiab Sab Hnub Poob. Sau cov phau ntawv ntawm Lavxias parchment tau pib thaum xyoo pua 13th. Muaj pov thawj tias kwv yees 300 daim tawv yaj tau siv los ua thawj phau ntawv luam tawm los ntawm Gutenberg. Hauv Moscow Armory Chamber, Cathedral Code ntawm 1649 yog ua tib zoo khaws cia - daim ntawv uas tsim los ntawm cov ntawv lag luam pulp thiab ntawv thiab tau dav siv rau kev ntim khoom, ntxiv rau kev ua haujlwm. Nws yog qhov txawv los ntawm lub zog siab, roj hnyav tsis kam, noo noo tsis kam thiab ib puag ncig zoo.
